Clinicians from LSTM, in conjunction with the Tropical and Infectious Disease Unit at the Royal Liverpool University Hospital, are part of the NHS High Consequence Infectious Diseases Network. The Network, made up of NHS experts and academic partners from institutions across the UK, has published the results of a study looking at the management of previous cases of the human monkeypox virus in the UK - Clinical features and management of human monkeypox: a retrospective observational study in the UK.
The report, which was published in The Lancet Infectious Diseases, notes that human monkeypox has rarely been seen outside of West and Central Africa. However, in the last five years outbreaks in more densely populated centres have occurred for the first time, with human-to-human transmission well described, raising concerns about its global spread. One such outbreak is the instance we are currently seeing in the UK, where the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) defines the virus as a ‘High Consequence Infectious Disease’ (HCID).
Known symptoms of the virus include fever, a characteristic rash, and swelling of the lymph nodes. Complications can include inflammation of the lungs, brain, and eye, which can be sight-threatening, along with secondary bacterial infections. The virus can be dangerous, with estimates of mortality associated with outbreaks in the Congo Basin having ranged from between 1 and 10%, although the West Africa strain of the virus which is responsible for the current UK outbreak has a lower overall mortality.
Nicholas Price of the Directorate of Infection Prevention and Control ay Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and Director of the NHS High Consequence Infectious Diseases (airborne) Network said:
“Until now, monkeypox has been a rare, imported condition in the U.K. and the NHS High Consequence Infectious Diseases Network had treated all seven of the UK's confirmed cases up until 2021. Outbreaks outside of Africa are unusual but in recent days, significant outbreaks have been reported in several European countries, including the UK, and further afield globally. Clinical trial data is lacking, and we are pleased to share some of our collective experience in managing this previously rare and sporadic condition.”
Using a case-note review, the study looked at the seven cases of human monkeypox, including one young child, which were diagnosed in the UK between 2018 and 2021. The study identified that although limited, transmission within the UK has occurred in household and healthcare settings. All cases had serial monitoring of blood, urine and throat swabs for monkeypox virus by PCR performed at the UKHSA Rare and Imported Pathogens Laboratory. This had never been done before and demonstrated prolonged viral shedding from a variety of body sites, changing our understanding of the biology of this disease.
The patients were managed in specialist HCID centres in Liverpool, London and Newcastle, coordinated via a national HCID network. Their treatment included the first use of antiviral agents in patients with monkeypox, with three receiving brincidofovir and one receiving tecovirimat.
LSTM’s Hugh Adler commented that:
“While the study size was small, the data gleaned from the seven cases were rich, providing the team with novel insights and suggesting the direction of travel for future research. We hope this dataset will inform clinicians caring for patients with monkeypox across the UK and Europe, but also in West and Central Africa where there is an unmet need for treatments for this infection. And working collaboratively with the NHS England High Consequence Infectious Diseases (Airborne) Network has been a fruitful experience.”
The authors concluded that while brincidofovir appears to have only limited value as a treatment, further studies of tecovirimat in human monkeypox are warranted, given the observed shorter duration of symptoms and viral shedding in the patient who received this agent compared with the other patients in the series.
The publication of this paper is timely as it highlights that human monkeypox as an emerging global threat, capable of cross-border spread and onward transmission. As such, this virus poses significant challenges even to well-resourced healthcare systems with HCID networks. The study also emphasises the urgent need for prospective studies of antivirals for this disease and that the infection control implications of prolonged viral shedding should be considered in future outbreaks.
LSTM’s Tom Wingfield reiterated the need for further research:
“The COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrated that we can rapidly develop novel treatments and also adapt existing techniques to treat global diseases. This is what needs to happen now for human monkeypox - we urgently need prospective studies of antivirals. And as we also saw with COVID, there is a pressing need for wide sharing of available data and infection control strategies to limit transmission.”
The study has been carried out by members of the UK’s High Consequence Infection Diseases Network and with support from the International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infection Consortium and includes authors from: Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine; University of Liverpool; Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, Alder Hey Children’s NHS Foundation Trust; UKHSA; University College London; Newcastle-upon Tyne NHS Foundation Trust; University of Newcastle; Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust; University of Oxford; Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust; Sheffield teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Karolinska Institute, Sweden
Hugh Adler, Susan Gould, Paul Hine, Luke B Snell, Waison Wong, Catherine F Houlihan, Jane C Osborne, Tommy Rampling, Mike BJ Beadsworth, Christopher JA Duncan, Jake Dunning, Tom E Fletcher, Ewan R Hunter, Michael Jacobs, Saye H Khoo, William Newsholme, David Porter, Robert J Porter, Libuše Ratcliffe, Matthias L Schmid, Malcolm G Semple, Anne J Tunbridge, Tom Wingfield, Nicholas M Price on behalf of the NHS England High Consequence Infectious Diseases (Airborne) Network.
Clinical features and management of human monkeypox: a retrospective observational study in the UK
The Lancet Infectious Diseases. Published:May 24, 2022. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00228-6
Listen to LSTM's Dr Hugh Adler talk about monkeypox in the UK in The Lancet Infectious Diseases podcast https://t.co/M8hBJEdIxl