Informizely customer feedback surveys
Skip to main content
LSTM
Study
Research
Clinical
Careers
Search
Search
Explore
MyLSTM
Clinical Diagnostic Parasitology Laboratory
Menu
About
Alumni and Friends
Impact case studies
MyLSTM
News and events
Public engagement
People
Research
Seminars and lectures
Vacancies
Annual Reports and Financial Statements
LSTM Partnerships
LSTM's 125th anniversary
About
Director's welcome
Contact us
Freedom of Information
Governance
Board of Trustees
Call for nominations
Code of Governance
Constitution - brief history
Criminal Finances Act
Governance structure
LSTM Tax Strategy 2020/21
Policies and Procedures
How to find us
Equity & Inclusion at LSTM
Athena Swan
Athena SWAN Self-Assessment Team
BAME Network
Freedom To Speak Up
Governance & Statutory Reporting
LGBTQ+ Network
Race Equity at LSTM
Stonewall Diversity Champions
Procurement
Frequently Asked Procurement Questions
Procurement - Governance
Procurement strategy
Supplier Code of Conduct
Decolonising the Curriculum
Sustainability & Environment at LSTM
LSTM Staff Awards
LSTM Strategy
Safeguarding
Alumni and Friends
Alumni Profiles
Kennedy Uadiale
Dr Chris Clarkson
Dr Ifeanyi Nsofor
Dr Letitia Obeng
Jonathan Whittall
Julia Fedec
Karilyn and Richard Collins
Kevin Marsh
Matthew Dunne
Peter McCormick
Professor Dr C.P. Ramachandran
Rozi McCollum
Stefanie Meredith
Arnaud Peytremann
Charlie Easmon
Chris White
Dr Claudia Caterina Paredes Esquivel
Dr Luret Lar
Dr Maggie Baker
Dr. Louis Paluku Sabuni
Gillian Slinger
Jane Drichta
Kevin Ochieng Opondo
Miguel Manuel Dorotan
Professor Alan Fenwick
Taher Qassim MBE
Whitney Mwangi
Contact the Alumni Team
Alumni benefits and services
Impact case studies
MyLSTM
News and events
Blog
Events
Media
News
Public engagement
Guided Tours of LSTM
Big Bang North West
Bluedot festival
LSTM’s STEM Ambassadors
Pint of Science
Royal Society Summer Science Exhibition
SciArt Intervention Project at Liverpool Tate
Scibar
Science Fridays – SciFri!
Swab & Send
People
Research
Departments
Vector Biology
Diagnostics and interventions
Insecticide resistance
ResistanceSim
Monitoring and Evaluation
Vector Control
Vector behaviour and genomics
International Public Health
Monitoring and Evaluation Technical assistance and Research (METRe)
assessing-refugee-health-in-Uganda
Emergency Obstetric Care and Quality of Care Unit
Advanced Emergency Obstetrics and Newborn Care competency-based curriculum for resident doctors in obstetrics and gynaecology at the National Postgraduate Medical College of Nigeria
Chad
Completed Programmes
EMOC Webinar Series
Events
Impact of our work
Integrated Approach in Improving Maternal and Newborn Health Outcomes in Kenya
Intervention Packages
Kenya
Media Gallery
Newsletter
Nigeria
Public Engagement - Podcast Series
Publications
Quality Improvement of Integrated HIV, TB and Malaria Services in ANC & PNC
Tanzania
The Blended Learning Course
Togo
GFAPU
Implementation Programme
Respond Africa
INTEAFRICA
Welcome and meet the team
Stillbirth prevention in Sub-Saharan Africa
Stillbirth prevention in Sub-Saharan Africa: publications and resources
Stillbirth prevention in Sub-Saharan Africa: publications and resources
Clinical Sciences
Malaria epidemiology
Malaria in Mothers and Babies Pregnancy Exposure Registry - MiMBa
Global Child Health
Well Travelled Clinic
Tuberculosis research
Global Lung Health
Neonatal Nutrition Network
Global Child Health
The Royal Society Entrepreneur in Residence (EiR)
Tropical disease biology
Disease pathogenesis and immunoparasitology
Drug discovery and development
Antimicrobial chemotherapy and resistance
The Transposon Registry
Centres and Units
Centre for Drugs and Diagnostic Research
Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases (CNTD)
Centre for Evidence Synthesis in Global Health
Centre for Snakebite Research
Centre for Capacity Research
Health Systems & Workforce Strengthening Unit
CHESS - Centre for Health Systems Strengthening
CHESS doctoral students
CHESS: outputs and resources
CWNH
Centre for Capacity Research
Centre for Tuberculosis Research
Global Health Trials Unit
Global Health Trials Unit
Research Computing Unit
Software
IR-TEx
Themes
Research support
EiR at LSTM
Research process
Discovery
Development
Implementation
Evaluation
Policy and practice
Research Integrity
Further information
LSTM Research Integrity Statement
Research Ethics Committee
Research Misconduct
Research Sponsorship & Ethics
Training Resources
Institutional funding
MRC Impact Accelerator Account (CiC)
MRC CIC successful applicants 2020-21
MRC CIC successful applicants 2022
NIHR global health research awards
NIHR Global Health Research Group on African Snakebite Research.
NIHR Global Health Research Group on research on integrated approaches for the prevention and management of non-communicable diseases and HIV-infection in Africa
NIHR Global Health Research Unit on Lung health & Tuberculosis Research in Africa
Institutional Strategic Support Fund
Outcomes and strategic impact from previous ISSF funding.
Medical Research Council Proximity to Discovery (P2D) Industry Engagement Fund
Projects
IMPALA
IMPALA: Team
IMPALA: Governance
Community prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms in rural Malawi: Implications for policy.
IMPALA: What we do
IMPALA: Training
Advocacy and Policy Engagement
IMPALA at The Union Conference
Impala: Publications & Resources
Global Asthma Report
IMPALA: Information sheet
IMPALA: Peer-reviewed publications
Our partners
Projects
Where we work
Research Career Progression
Director’s Catalyst Fund
DCF Awardee: Jennifer Lord
DCF Awardee: Kondwani Jambo
DCF Awardee: Stuart Ainsworth
DCF Awardee: Victoria Watson
DCF stories: Professor Giancarlo Biagini
Dr Ana Karina Pitol Garcia
Dr Daire Cantillon
Dr Karina Mondragon-Shem
Dr Maaike Seekles
Dr Naomi Dyer
The Director’s Catalyst Fund: 2018 awardees
The Director’s Catalyst Fund: 2019 awardees
The Director’s Catalyst Fund: 2020 awardees
The Director’s Catalyst Fund: 2021 awardees
The Director’s Catalyst Fund: 2023 awardees
The inaugural funding awardees 2017
Fostering the next generation of African health researchers
Hamish Ogston Foundation grant awardees Kenya
Hamish Ogston Foundation grant awardees Malawi
Hamish Ogston Foundation grant awardees: Cameroon
Skills Development Fellowships
COVID-19
COVID-19 Research pipeline – Diagnostics
COVID-19 Research pipeline – Prevention
COVID-19 Research pipeline – Therapeutics
COVID-19 Oxford Vaccine Trial
Covid-19 response. the role of the Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics
Culture and study of COVID-19 virus
Covid 19 Information resources
Improving Health Systems: Adjusting to COVID-19
Well Travelled Clinics and COVID-19
LSTM Technician Commitment
Animal research
REF 2021
Research Culture
DORA
Concordat for Research Career Development
Seminars and lectures
Vacancies
Annual Reports and Financial Statements
LSTM Partnerships
Collaborations
Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme
A•WOL Consortium
LIV-TB
2020 LIV-TB Schedule
2021 LIV-TB Schedule
LIV-TB 2022 Seminars
Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group
CouNTDown
Global Alliance to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis
Global Network for Neglected Tropical Diseases
Liverpool Centre for Global Health Research
Global Network of neglected tropical diseases
Imported fever service (IFS)
Liverpool Health Campus
AvecNet
Liverpool Health Partners
Malaria Capacity Development Consortium (MCDC)
Malaria in Pregnancy (MiP) Consortium
REACHOUT
ReBUILD
State of the Tropics
Stop TB Partnership
Research, Evidence and Development Initiative (READ-It)
The Global Snakebite Initiative
The National Travel Health Network and Centre (NaTHNaC)
WHO Collaborating Centres
ACTs (IMPACT)
CeSHHAR
The Liverpool Vaccine Group
EHPC Completed Trials
EHPC Current Clinical Trials
FAMILY MICRO Study: Family ReseArch of MIcrobes Linked to RespiratorY Infections
Lifebuoy bar soap hand wash study (RCT)
SNEAS
EHPC Publications
EHPC collaborators
Pneumonia: information for volunteers
About Pneumonia
Effect of asthma on immune response to pneumococcus
Exploring the effect of age on immunity against pneumonia
Flu Study
Hand Wash Study
Nose and Throat Study
Our trial ambassadors
The effect of new strains of bacteria
Why model pneumococcal carriage?
Accelerator Research Clinic (ARC)
ARC Volunteer Database
ARC Volunteer Database
Pneumo 2
IDAMS
IMPPACT
IMPROVE
MIRA
MalariaGEN
NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections
RECAP-SL
The Experimental Human Pneumococcal Carriage (EHPC) collaboration
EHPC trials
Pneumonia trials: information for volunteers
IMPACT TB
Partnership for Increasing the Impact of Vector Control (PIIVeC)
The NTD Modelling Consortium
SQALE
AGILE: Coronovirus drug testing initiativwe
Arise
BreathSpec
CRID
DRUM: Drivers of Resistance in Uganda and Malawi
Echitab Study Group (2006 – 2012)
Essentials
Everton Football Club
HIV-TB in One
Humanitarian and Conflict Response Institute & Médecins Sans Frontières
K4D
KEMRI
Knowledge Quarter Liverpool
LFC Foundation
LIGHT Consortium
LVG
Lancaster University
NEAR-AMR
Neonatal Nutrition Network
MRC Neonatal Nutrition Network project Meeting Maseno University Kenya 4-8 June 2018
PERFORM2Scale
ReBUILD for Resilience
STAR
STRESST
The African Research Collaboration on Sepsis
ARCS Partners
ARCS team
Baseline African Sepsis Incidence Survey (BASIS)
DELPHI – Quality Standards for care of the critically unwell patient in Africa
The Liverpool-Guangdong Drug Discovery Consortium
The Pandemic Institute
Tropical Infectious Disease Consortium
UK Health and Security Agency
Zvandiri
iiCON: Infection Innovation Consortium
LSTM global partnerships
LSTM's 125th anniversary
LSTM Innovators
Alwen Myfanwy Evans (1895-1937)
Dr Letitia Obeng: a life spent influencing tropical disease research and policy around the world.
Joseph Everett Dutton (1874 – 1905)
Mary Kingsley (1862 – 1900)
Professor Brian Gilmore Maegraith CMG, MA, MB, BS, DPhil, DSc, FRCP (1907 – 1989)
Professor Rubert William Boyce FRS
Sir Ronald Ross KCB KCMG FRS FRCS
Warrington Yorke (1883 – 1943)
125th anniversary projects
LSTM Public lectures 2023
LSTM – Past, Present and Future
Our impact
The LSTM story
Far Eastern Prisoners of War (FEPOW)
Burma Railway Medicine
Captive Memories
The Secret Art of Survival
LSTM Archives
Mary Kingsley Medal
Understanding our history
About
Director's welcome
Contact us
Freedom of Information
Governance
Board of Trustees
Call for nominations
Code of Governance
Constitution - brief history
Criminal Finances Act
Governance structure
LSTM Tax Strategy 2020/21
Policies and Procedures
How to find us
Equity & Inclusion at LSTM
Athena Swan
Athena SWAN Self-Assessment Team
BAME Network
Freedom To Speak Up
Governance & Statutory Reporting
LGBTQ+ Network
Race Equity at LSTM
Stonewall Diversity Champions
Procurement
Frequently Asked Procurement Questions
Procurement - Governance
Procurement strategy
Supplier Code of Conduct
Decolonising the Curriculum
Sustainability & Environment at LSTM
LSTM Staff Awards
LSTM Strategy
Safeguarding
Alumni and Friends
Alumni Profiles
Kennedy Uadiale
Dr Chris Clarkson
Dr Ifeanyi Nsofor
Dr Letitia Obeng
Jonathan Whittall
Julia Fedec
Karilyn and Richard Collins
Kevin Marsh
Matthew Dunne
Peter McCormick
Professor Dr C.P. Ramachandran
Rozi McCollum
Stefanie Meredith
Arnaud Peytremann
Charlie Easmon
Chris White
Dr Claudia Caterina Paredes Esquivel
Dr Luret Lar
Dr Maggie Baker
Dr. Louis Paluku Sabuni
Gillian Slinger
Jane Drichta
Kevin Ochieng Opondo
Miguel Manuel Dorotan
Professor Alan Fenwick
Taher Qassim MBE
Whitney Mwangi
Contact the Alumni Team
Alumni benefits and services
Impact case studies
MyLSTM
News and events
Blog
Events
Media
News
Public engagement
Guided Tours of LSTM
Big Bang North West
Bluedot festival
LSTM’s STEM Ambassadors
Pint of Science
Royal Society Summer Science Exhibition
SciArt Intervention Project at Liverpool Tate
Scibar
Science Fridays – SciFri!
Swab & Send
People
Research
Departments
Vector Biology
Diagnostics and interventions
Insecticide resistance
ResistanceSim
Monitoring and Evaluation
Vector Control
Vector behaviour and genomics
International Public Health
Monitoring and Evaluation Technical assistance and Research (METRe)
assessing-refugee-health-in-Uganda
Emergency Obstetric Care and Quality of Care Unit
Advanced Emergency Obstetrics and Newborn Care competency-based curriculum for resident doctors in obstetrics and gynaecology at the National Postgraduate Medical College of Nigeria
Chad
Completed Programmes
EMOC Webinar Series
Events
2nd Knowledge Management and Learning Event
Abstracts KML 2023
End of Programme KML Event, Nairobi 2023
First Summer School of Department of International Public Health Opening Doors for Collaboration and Support
KML Liverpool 2022
Book of Abstracts KML 2022
Impact of our work
Equipment Donation Tanzania
Experience of a Quality Improvement Training facilitator in Oyo state, Nigeria, June 2022
Experiences of a healthcare provider attending Quality Improvement Trainings in June 2022 in Oyo State
Experiences of a registered midwife and nurse who participated in the ANC/PNC Training, Kaduna State, Nigeria, October 2021
Our Togo partners sharing their impressions on impact of capacity strengthening in QI of ANC & PNC
Integrated Approach in Improving Maternal and Newborn Health Outcomes in Kenya
Intervention Packages
Antenatal and Postnatal Care
Maternal Death Surveillance and Response workstream
Mentoring
Pre-service workstream
Quality Improvement (QI)
Kenya
LSTM Kenya
Media Gallery
Newsletter
Nigeria
Improve availability and quality of integrated HIV, TB and malaria services in antenatal and postnatal care in Kaduna and Oyo states in Nigeria.
LSTM Nigeria
Public Engagement - Podcast Series
Engaging Communities in Improving the Quality of ANC/PNC in Africa
Podcast 'Improving Quality of Maternal and Newborn Health in Kenya'
Publications
Health systems, including health workforce, data collection, and maternal health services
Malaria, HIV and Tuberculosis
Maternity Care | Emergency Obstetric Care | Maternal Health
Neonatal health and care
Publications in chonological order
Quality of Maternal and Newborn care
Research Methodology
Training and Capacity Building
Quality Improvement of Integrated HIV, TB and Malaria Services in ANC & PNC
Beneficiary Stories
Beyond The Numbers: Why We Should Invest In Quality Maternal Healthcare
Evidence Generation
Improving the quality of integrated antenatal and postnatal care
Increasing availability of integrated antenatal care and postnatal care
Monitoring and Evaluation
Reserach Studies - Overview
Social Media Snippets
Mentorship Training UDOM, Tanzania
Sustainability of Qualitity improvement programme
Tanzania
Ministry of Health Tanzania
Ministry of Health Zanzibar
State University of Zanzibar
University of Dodoma
The Blended Learning Course
Togo
GFAPU
Implementation Programme
Respond Africa
INTEAFRICA
Welcome and meet the team
Stillbirth prevention in Sub-Saharan Africa
Stillbirth prevention in Sub-Saharan Africa: publications and resources
Stillbirth prevention in Sub-Saharan Africa: publications and resources
Clinical Sciences
Malaria epidemiology
Malaria in Mothers and Babies Pregnancy Exposure Registry - MiMBa
Global Child Health
Well Travelled Clinic
Tuberculosis research
Global Lung Health
Neonatal Nutrition Network
Global Child Health
The Royal Society Entrepreneur in Residence (EiR)
Tropical disease biology
Disease pathogenesis and immunoparasitology
Drug discovery and development
Antimicrobial chemotherapy and resistance
The Transposon Registry
Centres and Units
Centre for Drugs and Diagnostic Research
Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases (CNTD)
Centre for Evidence Synthesis in Global Health
Centre for Snakebite Research
Centre for Capacity Research
Health Systems & Workforce Strengthening Unit
CHESS - Centre for Health Systems Strengthening
CHESS doctoral students
CHESS: outputs and resources
CWNH
Centre for Capacity Research
Centre for Tuberculosis Research
Global Health Trials Unit
Global Health Trials Unit
Research Computing Unit
Software
IR-TEx
Themes
Research support
EiR at LSTM
Research process
Discovery
Development
Implementation
Evaluation
Policy and practice
Research Integrity
Further information
LSTM Research Integrity Statement
Research Ethics Committee
Research Misconduct
Research Sponsorship & Ethics
Training Resources
Institutional funding
MRC Impact Accelerator Account (CiC)
MRC CIC successful applicants 2020-21
MRC CIC successful applicants 2022
NIHR global health research awards
NIHR Global Health Research Group on African Snakebite Research.
NIHR Global Health Research Group on research on integrated approaches for the prevention and management of non-communicable diseases and HIV-infection in Africa
NIHR Global Health Research Unit on Lung health & Tuberculosis Research in Africa
Institutional Strategic Support Fund
Outcomes and strategic impact from previous ISSF funding.
Medical Research Council Proximity to Discovery (P2D) Industry Engagement Fund
Projects
IMPALA
IMPALA: Team
IMPALA: Governance
Community prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms in rural Malawi: Implications for policy.
IMPALA: What we do
IMPALA: Training
Advocacy and Policy Engagement
IMPALA at The Union Conference
Impala: Publications & Resources
Global Asthma Report
IMPALA: Information sheet
IMPALA: Peer-reviewed publications
Our partners
Projects
Where we work
Research Career Progression
Director’s Catalyst Fund
DCF Awardee: Jennifer Lord
DCF Awardee: Kondwani Jambo
DCF Awardee: Stuart Ainsworth
DCF Awardee: Victoria Watson
DCF stories: Professor Giancarlo Biagini
Dr Ana Karina Pitol Garcia
Dr Daire Cantillon
Dr Karina Mondragon-Shem
Dr Maaike Seekles
Dr Naomi Dyer
The Director’s Catalyst Fund: 2018 awardees
The Director’s Catalyst Fund: 2019 awardees
The Director’s Catalyst Fund: 2020 awardees
The Director’s Catalyst Fund: 2021 awardees
The Director’s Catalyst Fund: 2023 awardees
The inaugural funding awardees 2017
Fostering the next generation of African health researchers
Hamish Ogston Foundation grant awardees Kenya
Hamish Ogston Foundation grant awardees Malawi
Hamish Ogston Foundation grant awardees: Cameroon
Skills Development Fellowships
COVID-19
COVID-19 Research pipeline – Diagnostics
COVID-19 Research pipeline – Prevention
COVID-19 Research pipeline – Therapeutics
COVID-19 Oxford Vaccine Trial
Covid-19 response. the role of the Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics
Culture and study of COVID-19 virus
Covid 19 Information resources
Improving Health Systems: Adjusting to COVID-19
Well Travelled Clinics and COVID-19
LSTM Technician Commitment
Animal research
REF 2021
Research Culture
DORA
Concordat for Research Career Development
Seminars and lectures
Vacancies
Annual Reports and Financial Statements
LSTM Partnerships
Collaborations
Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme
A•WOL Consortium
LIV-TB
2020 LIV-TB Schedule
2021 LIV-TB Schedule
LIV-TB 2022 Seminars
Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group
CouNTDown
Global Alliance to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis
Global Network for Neglected Tropical Diseases
Liverpool Centre for Global Health Research
Global Network of neglected tropical diseases
Imported fever service (IFS)
Liverpool Health Campus
AvecNet
Liverpool Health Partners
Malaria Capacity Development Consortium (MCDC)
Malaria in Pregnancy (MiP) Consortium
REACHOUT
ReBUILD
State of the Tropics
Stop TB Partnership
Research, Evidence and Development Initiative (READ-It)
The Global Snakebite Initiative
The National Travel Health Network and Centre (NaTHNaC)
WHO Collaborating Centres
ACTs (IMPACT)
CeSHHAR
The Liverpool Vaccine Group
EHPC Completed Trials
EHPC Current Clinical Trials
FAMILY MICRO Study: Family ReseArch of MIcrobes Linked to RespiratorY Infections
Lifebuoy bar soap hand wash study (RCT)
SNEAS
EHPC Publications
EHPC collaborators
Pneumonia: information for volunteers
About Pneumonia
How is pneumonia treated?
Pneumonia can be prevented
What are the symptoms of pneumonia?
What causes pneumonia?
What is pneumonia?
Who is at risk of pneumonia?
Effect of asthma on immune response to pneumococcus
Exploring the effect of age on immunity against pneumonia
Flu Study
Hand Wash Study
Nose and Throat Study
Our trial ambassadors
The effect of new strains of bacteria
Why model pneumococcal carriage?
Accelerator Research Clinic (ARC)
ARC Volunteer Database
ARC Volunteer Database
Pneumo 2
IDAMS
IMPPACT
IMPROVE
MIRA
MalariaGEN
NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections
RECAP-SL
The Experimental Human Pneumococcal Carriage (EHPC) collaboration
EHPC trials
Pneumonia trials: information for volunteers
IMPACT TB
Partnership for Increasing the Impact of Vector Control (PIIVeC)
The NTD Modelling Consortium
SQALE
AGILE: Coronovirus drug testing initiativwe
Arise
BreathSpec
CRID
DRUM: Drivers of Resistance in Uganda and Malawi
Echitab Study Group (2006 – 2012)
Essentials
Everton Football Club
HIV-TB in One
Humanitarian and Conflict Response Institute & Médecins Sans Frontières
K4D
KEMRI
Knowledge Quarter Liverpool
LFC Foundation
LIGHT Consortium
LVG
Lancaster University
NEAR-AMR
Neonatal Nutrition Network
MRC Neonatal Nutrition Network project Meeting Maseno University Kenya 4-8 June 2018
PERFORM2Scale
ReBUILD for Resilience
STAR
STRESST
The African Research Collaboration on Sepsis
ARCS Partners
ARCS team
Baseline African Sepsis Incidence Survey (BASIS)
DELPHI – Quality Standards for care of the critically unwell patient in Africa
The Liverpool-Guangdong Drug Discovery Consortium
The Pandemic Institute
Tropical Infectious Disease Consortium
UK Health and Security Agency
Zvandiri
iiCON: Infection Innovation Consortium
LSTM global partnerships
LSTM's 125th anniversary
LSTM Innovators
Alwen Myfanwy Evans (1895-1937)
Dr Letitia Obeng: a life spent influencing tropical disease research and policy around the world.
Joseph Everett Dutton (1874 – 1905)
Mary Kingsley (1862 – 1900)
Professor Brian Gilmore Maegraith CMG, MA, MB, BS, DPhil, DSc, FRCP (1907 – 1989)
Professor Rubert William Boyce FRS
Sir Ronald Ross KCB KCMG FRS FRCS
Warrington Yorke (1883 – 1943)
125th anniversary projects
LSTM Public lectures 2023
LSTM – Past, Present and Future
Our impact
The LSTM story
Far Eastern Prisoners of War (FEPOW)
Burma Railway Medicine
Captive Memories
The Secret Art of Survival
LSTM Archives
Mary Kingsley Medal
Understanding our history
Home
News and events
LSTM’s David Molyneux on the progress made on NTDs
LSTM’s David Molyneux on the progress made on NTDs
Media
27 Jan 2017
50
50 reads